Congo Hold-up. C’est le nom d’une nouvelle enquête collaborative explosive qui documente d’importants détournements de fonds publics en République démocratique du Congo. Une enquête qui démontre comment la famille Kabila a « siphonné » au moins 138 millions de dollars des caisses de l’État avec la complicité d’une banque, la BGFI RDC, dont Francis Selemani – le frère de l’ancien président – était le directeur général. Michelle Kendler-Kretsch, chercheuse pour l’ONG The Sentry, a collaboré à l’enquête.
Michelle Kendler-Kretsch : Avec les documents en notre possession, nous avons pu suivre l’argent. Initialement nous nous intéressions à une société en particulier, Sud Oil, détenue par la femme de Francis Selemani, le frère du président Joseph Kabila. Cette société privée avait reçu 85 millions de dollars de l’État congolais. Et nous n’arrivions pas à trouver de justification, de contrat, pour expliquer le transfert d’une telle somme. L’argent partait ensuite vers de nombreuses d’entreprises – toutes contrôlées par Francis Selemani et la famille Kabila – et enfin quittait le pays. C’est là que nous avons pu voir – qu’à travers cette multitude de sociétés qu’il contrôle – Francis Selemani avait acheté de nombreuses propriétés privées pour un montant total de 6,6 millions de dollars.
RFI : Quand est que cela a commencé ?
Michelle Kendler-Kretsch : Les premiers achats ont eu lieu en 2015, une résidence aux États-Unis et plusieurs maisons en Afrique du Sud. En 2015, 2016, 2017. Mais c’est vraiment en 2018, où les dépenses se sont intensifiées. Cela correspond à l’époque où l’on demande à Selemani de quitter la direction de la banque BGFI RDC ; et où la présidence de son frère Joseph Kabila touche à sa fin. Il y a énormément de pression sur la famille et les dépenses se multiplient : il achète trois maisons aux États-Unis, chacune d’une valeur d’environ 1 million de dollars. Au total, il acquiert 17 propriétés entre 2015 et 2018. Habituellement, il s’agit de quelques très grosses propriétés ici et là. Mais dans ce cas, il a acheté plusieurs résidences d’une valeur moins importante, ce qui lui a permis de ne pas être détecté. Mais cela représente tout de même des millions de dollars.PUBLICITÉ
Concrètement, comment ces opérations s’effectuaient ?
Le plus intéressant, c’est que non seulement lui et sa famille détenaient de nombreuses sociétés, à partir desquelles ils pouvaient faire transiter l’argent, mais la famille Kabila contrôle une banque. Et cela leur a permis de faire transiter ces fonds par cette banque, la BGFI RDC, sans avoir à s’expliquer, avant de l’envoyer vers une multitude de sociétés. Ils ont multiplié les transferts d’argent ce qui a rendu le suivi difficile. Puis, l’argent était transféré à l’étranger. Et c’est là que cela devient intéressant, car on quitte la sphère congolaise pour toucher la finance internationale.
Et comment est-ce possible, n’y a-t-il pas de contrôle au niveau des banques internationales ?
Absolument, et c’est là que nous avons suggéré à ces banques qui ont été impliquées de regarder de plus près ces transactions. Quand une banque reçoit d’importants fonds d’une personne aussi proche du pouvoir – il y a des risques accrus de corruption – et cette banque devrait redoubler d’efforts pour contrôler d’où proviennent ces fonds. Dans la plupart, il n’y a eu aucune question soulevée sur l’origine de ces sommes : est-ce qu’elles étaient légitimes, est-ce qu’il y avait des contrats pour justifier ces transactions ? Ce système a permis de sortir des millions de dollars de la RDC vers l’étranger, sans aucun contrôle de la part des banques internationales.
Et ces fonds publics, d’où venaient-ils ?
Pour ce qui est des sommes qui ont servi, selon nous, à acheter de l’immobilier, il y a un cas où l’argent est venu de la Banque centrale – donc de l’argent qui aurait dû servir à des projets du gouvernement, mais certainement pas des entreprises privées. Et une autre parti de cet argent qui provenait de la mission des Nations unies en RDC. Plus généralement, quand on regarde d’où vient l’argent, il provient d’entreprise minière publique, de la Commission électorale, et de différentes entreprises de l’État. Et tout cet argent est siphonné par la famille Kabila. Il s’agit de sommes énormes par rapport au salaire moyen d’un Congolais.
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