La communauté internationale serait-elle prête à s’emparer de la protection des océans ? Dès mercredi, à Brest, décideurs politiques et acteurs du monde marin se mobilisent pour apporter des réponses au péril écologique que l’Homme fait peser sur cet espace. Mais pour nombre d’observateurs, cette initiative d’Emmanuel Macron n’est qu’un coup d’éclat médiatique sans portée concrète. Décryptage avec Catherine Le Gall, autrice d’une enquête sur l’accaparement des océans par les multinationales.
Pendant trois jours à compter de mercredi 9 février, la ville de Brest, dans l’ouest de la France, accueille le One Ocean Summit : des scientifiques, des représentants de grandes entreprises et de multiples acteurs du monde océanique y discuteront de la préservation des océans et de l’élaboration d’un cadre de protection pour la haute mer. Vendredi, une vingtaine de chefs d’État sont attendus dans la ville bretonne, aux côtés d’Emmanuel Macron.
Soutenue par les Nations unies, cette nouvelle grand-messe écologique constitue le premier rassemblement international entièrement consacré à la préservation des océans.
Nombre d’ONG ne voient toutefois dans cette initiative du président français qu’un “coup de com’”, lequel n’apporterait aucune avancée réelle. Pis, selon ses détracteurs, le sommet détournerait même l’attention des questions les plus problématiques, telles que l’accaparement des océans par les multinationales, la pollution d’origine agro-industrielle ou l’extraction minière sous-marine.
Un collectif de luttes citoyennes, “Soulèvements de la mer”, a ainsi organisé un contre-sommet à Brest, du 4 au 6 février, en opposition à la réunion officielle. ADVERTISING
Au sein de ce collectif, Catherine Le Gall, journaliste, a pris part aux échanges portant sur la question de la privatisation des océans. C’est là le sujet central de son ouvrage : “L’imposture océanique, le pillage écologique des océans par les multinationales“. L’enquêtrice, qui présentait récemment son livre sur le plateau de France 24, livre son analyse au sujet de ce sommet.
France 24 : partagez-vous le pessimisme de ce collectif citoyen, lequel ne voit dans cette initiative qu’un énième sommet en trompe-l’œil ?
Catherine Le Gall : Je reconnais qu’il est assez difficile d’être optimiste. Nous connaissons les menaces qui pèsent sur notre planète. Et pourtant, la politique écologique mise en place depuis les années 1990 n’a porté aucun fruit.
Or c’est la même politique qui est appliquée aux océans au travers de “l’économie bleue”, promue par ce sommet, qui entendrait tout à la fois protéger et exploiter l’océan. Comment espérer qu’un principe qui a globalement échoué sur la terre ferme fonctionnerait miraculeusement pour les surfaces immergées ?
À ce titre, la nouvelle approche promue par la Commission européenne en mai dernier, qui à la formule “économie bleue” préférait finalement “économie bleue durable” – comme s’il n’y avait là aucune redondance – montre à quel point “l’économie bleue” n’a jamais été une pensée écologique durable.
Le champ lexical de l’écologie dont les sommets internationaux se font la vitrine laisse transparaître une conception monétarisée de l’écologie. Antinomiques avec la préservation de la nature, certains termes du programme du One Ocean Summit, eux aussi, laissent songeur : “investir, “grands ports”, “partenariat public-privé”… Ou encore, “économie du tourisme durable” : on peut légitimement se demander en quoi le tourisme pourrait être vecteur d’écologie, quand cette industrie tient une grande part dans la destruction des écosystèmes (érosion des dunes, rejets de stations d’épuration non calibrées sur les littoraux, perturbations de la vie sauvage…).
France 24 : quelles sont selon vous les principales pierres d’achoppement de ce sommet ? Et celles de la politique française de préservation des océans ?
Catherine Le Gall : Le premier écueil est la sous-évaluation des déchets d’origine terrestre : ceux-ci sont pourtant responsables de 80 % de la pollution des océans. De fait, le bon sens voudrait que 80 % des efforts, forums, ateliers, propositions y soient dédiés. Pourtant, au programme de ce sommet, comme au niveau de notre pensée écologique globale, l’interconnectivité des écosystèmes marins et terrestres semble souvent incomprise.
Lors du Congrès de la nature organisé à Marseille en septembre 2021 par l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN), le président français prêchait pour que 30 % des espaces terrestres et marins soient classés comme aires protégées d’ici à l’été 2022. Seulement 7 % du domaine marin l’était alors.
Mais ce vœu pieux souffre d’au moins trois ambiguïtés. Préserver un tiers des océans se fait au détriment des deux autres tiers, et pourrait fournir un alibi moral encourageant l’exploitation encore plus agressive du reste du monde océanique.
Ces aires marines protégées ne sont en outre guère protégées des phénomènes liés – notamment – à la pollution d’origine terrestre, comme l’acidification et l’eutrophisation des eaux, pourtant des plus préoccupantes. La protection de ces espaces, de l’aveu même de ses promoteurs, demeure in fine inefficace, car elle nécessite l’action concertée de l’ensemble des acteurs (usagers, industriels et décideurs politiques). Or cette concertation nécessite deux ingrédients qui font défaut aux aires marines protégées : du temps et des moyens financiers.
Nombre de ces aires marines protégées privilégient certaines activités humaines au détriment d’autres. Le tourisme y est ainsi valorisé aux dépens de la pêche locale. Une absurdité écologique, si l’on prend en compte – à titre d’exemple – l’empreinte carbone du touriste venu d’Europe pour faire du snorkeling dans les régions coralliennes.
France 24 : À vous entendre, on peut craindre que les prochaines initiatives écologiques marines butent sur les mêmes écueils que la protection de l’environnement terrestre, malgré l’antériorité de cette dernière. Serions-nous condamnés à une certaine inaction écologique ?
Catherine Le Gall : Les cartons d’invitation à ce premier sommet dédié aux océans laissent en effet présager un scénario similaire à celui des COP et autres sommets de la Terre : nombreux, puissants, les représentants d’industries influenceront sans doute les discussions.
La lueur d’espoir qu’apporte cette première initiative éco-océanique est à chercher dans les prises de conscience citoyennes. Nous pouvons intégrer les océans au débat public sur l’écologie. Nous devons prendre conscience du lien qui unit l’espèce humaine à eux : outre leur rôle essentiel dans la régulation thermique, les océans absorbent 30 % des gaz à effet de serre.
La protection des mondes marins replace nos démocraties face à une question primordiale : de quelle écologie nos citoyens veulent-ils ? L’écologie d’aujourd’hui est basée sur un système de compensation systémique : les acteurs économiques financent des projets écologiques dans le but de poursuivre leurs activités polluantes, n’achetant ainsi que des “droits à polluer”.
Les politiques écologiques, marines comme terrestres, souffrent en définitive d’un problème de tempo : elles ont épousé le rythme lent imposé par les multinationales. Le problème, c’est que nous n’avons plus le temps.
France24
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