La France envoie un satellite militaire dernière génération dans l’espace

Paris a lancé samedi un satellite de communication militaire dernier cri, signe des tensions géopolitiques mondiales qui règnent jusque dans l’espace. 

La France a placé samedi 23 octobre en orbite un satellite de communication militaire présenté comme un bijou de technologie et un pilier de sa souveraineté. Signe parmi d’autres que les tensions géopolitiques s’exportent désormais jusque dans l’espace

La fusée Ariane 5 a décollé de Kourou, en Guyane, en emportant le satellite 4A du programme Syracuse, qui permettra aux armées françaises déployées aux quatre coins du globe de communiquer à haut débit et en toute sécurité depuis des relais au sol, aériens, marins et sous-marin. La mission s’est achevée avec succès 38 minutes et 41 secondes après le tir. 

Risque

“Syracuse 4A est conçu pour résister aux agressions militaires depuis le sol et dans l’espace ainsi qu’au brouillage”, a expliqué à l’AFP le colonel Stéphane Spet, porte-parole de l’armée de l’Air et de l’Espace. Il est équipé de moyens de surveillance de ses abords proches et d’une capacité de déplacement pour échapper à une agression. 

Un risque réel : en juillet 2020, le commandement spatial américain avait accusé Moscou d’avoir “conduit un test non-destructeur d’une arme anti-satellite depuis l’espace”. Et en 2017, le “satellite-espion” russe Louch-Olympe avait déjà tenté de s’approcher du satellite militaire franco-italien Athena-Fidus. 

Ultime performance, S4 est protégé contre les impulsions électro-magnétiques qui résulteraient d’une explosion nucléaire, explique à l’AFP Marc Finaud, expert en prolifération des armes au Centre Politique de Sécurité de Genève (GCSP). “C’est le scénario de l’ultime avertissement, en cas d’échec de la dissuasion”. 

Le programme Syracuse représente un investissement total de quelque 4 milliards d’euros. La quatrième génération multipliera par trois le débit de communications de S3. La Direction générale de l’armement (DGA) s’est engagée avec Thalès à hauteur de 354 millions d’euros et avec Airbus pour 117 millions pour le seul Syracuse 4. 

Dissuasion

“Il y a une loi presque mathématique d’augmentation régulière des volumes de data”, souligne le colonel Spet, citant les besoins générés par les systèmes de commandement, la représentation des situations tactiques du terrain, la vidéo (venant par exemple des drones Reaper déployés au Sahel). 

Ou encore le traitement en temps réel de la data venue de plusieurs endroits de la planète. À terme, la France disposera de 400 stations capables de communiquer avec S4 depuis le sol, un aéronef, un navire ou un sous-marin, selon la DGA.    

Or la dissuasion nucléaire française repose très largement sur ses sous-marins, rappelle Marc Finaud, expert en prolifération des armes au Centre de politique de Sécurité de Genève (GCSP). “Si un adversaire est capable de modifier, pirater, endommager les communications avec les sous-marins, c’est la fin de la dissuasion”. 

Le déploiement du satellite, prévu de longue date, tombe à point nommé, alors que Paris pousse son projet de souveraineté européenne en matière de défense. La France, qui dispose d’espaces maritimes souverains sur toutes les mers du globe, ne peut se passer d’une assise technologique puissante.  

Paris dans la course aux armements

Une fusée Ariane 5 a décollé samedi de Kourou, en Guyane française, avec à son bord plusieurs satellites. © AFP

“Elle a besoin de ce segment là pour montrer qu’elle a les moyens de ses ambitions”, estime Xavier Pasco, directeur de la Fondation pour la recherche stratégique (FRS) et spécialiste des questions spatiales. “Ça crédibilise l’ensemble de son outil militaire, de même que sa capacité industrielle”. 

Quelques semaines après l’humiliation reçue de l’Australie, qui a renoncé à un immense contrat de sous-marins français au profit de submersibles américains, fragilisant d’autant la puissance française en Indopacifique, le satellite S4 redonne une fierté à la bête blessée.   

“Politiquement, c’est la mise en évidence que la France reste une puissance peut-être moyenne, mais dont l’étendue d’action reste internationale”, insiste Xavier Pasco.  

Avec ses 2 milliards d’euros d’investissements annuels dans le spatial militaire et civil, l’Hexagone reste loin du trio de tête : 50 milliards pour les États-Unis, 10 pour la Chine et 4 pour la Russie, selon des chiffres de 2020 du gouvernement français. 

Mais S4 permet à la France de rester dans le peloton de tête et confirme que Paris participe bien à la course aux armements.   

Marc Finaud évoque au passage le risque potentiel venant de la “nébuleuse de hackers, pirates, acteurs criminels ou terroristes qui pourraient se lancer dans une sorte de guerre des étoiles plus artisanale”. Quant à la géopolitique spatiale, elle se tend un peu plus chaque année. “On parle de guerre spatiale et ce risque-là est admis par tout le monde”.   

source:France24 avec AFP

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