Congo Hold-up: BGFIBank, la banque des présidents

Avec 3,5 milliards d’euros en dépôts, 2 200 employés répartis dans onze pays, le Groupe BGFIBank est indiscutablement devenu, 50 ans après sa création, le premier groupe bancaire d’Afrique centrale. Mais il est aussi connu pour des scandales et ses liens avec certaines familles présidentielles d’Afrique centrale.

BGFIBank fait, aujourd’hui, l’objet de la plus grande fuite de documents bancaires d’Afrique : Congo Hold-up. Une enquête réalisée avec Le Soir, et l’ONG Plateforme pour la protection des lanceurs d’alerte en Afrique sur la base de documents obtenus par Mediapart et PPLAAF.

Sur son site, la BGFIBank revendique fièrement ses origines franco-gabonaises. Il y a cinquante ans, en 1971, la Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (devenu Paribas en 1982) décide d’ouvrir une filiale au Gabon. Cette banque française n’est pas la seule à faire les yeux doux au tout jeune président Albert-Bernard Bongo. À l’époque, la Banque nationale de Paris (BNP), la Société Générale et le Crédit Lyonnais créent aussi des succursales dans ce petit pays d’Afrique centrale. Toutes ont flairé un marché juteux. En ces belles années de la Françafrique, le Gabon connaît un boom pétrolier. Albert-Bernard, devenu Omar Bongo, en est l’un des piliers. Allié indéfectible de Paris, il gouverne le Gabon d’une main de fer jusqu’en 2009, sans qu’une très large partie de la population ne profite des bienfaits de cette manne pétrolière.

La filiale gabonaise de la Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas devient Paribas Gabon en 1982. À cette époque, la maison mère française garde encore la main. Mais dans la décennie qui suit, celle des années 1990, on assiste à un désengagement de Paribas et à une montée en puissance du pouvoir gabonais dans son capital et ses instances dirigeantes. Quand Paribas se retire, cette banque prend le nom de Banque gabonaise et française internationale (BGFI). Elle devient donc une banque 100% africaine. La famille Bongo y détient toujours des parts, non seulement dans la holding (7%), mais aussi dans plusieurs autres filiales.

La Banque d’Omar Bongo

L’enquête dite des « biens mal acquis », ouverte en 2010 par le pôle financier du tribunal de Paris, lève le voile sur les suites de cette histoire bancaire franco-gabonaise.

Une note de septembre 2020 de l’Office central de répression de la grande délinquance financière (OCRGDF), révélée par la presse, donne des détails sur le montage. De 1996 à 2008, via la BGFIBank Gabon et la banque française BNP Paribas, la famille Bongo aurait acquis douze biens immeubles à Paris et Nice pour un montant total d’au moins 35 millions d’euros. Des proches de la famille Bongo déposaient des montants en espèces sur un compte de la BGFI, l’argent remontait à la BNP Paribas et servait à acquérir les immeubles sous couvert d’une société de décoration d’intérieur, Atelier 74 « en relation quasi exclusive » avec le président Omar Bongo, peut-on lire dans cette note.

Cette combine lui a notamment permis d’acquérir deux hôtels particuliers rue Dosnes et rue de la Baume dans les quartiers huppés des XVIe et VIIIe arrondissements de Paris respectivement pour des montants de 3,5 millions d’euros en 1997 et 18 millions d’euros en 2007. Selon cette note de l’OCRGDF, le volume des espèces était « sans rapport aucun avec les émoluments » du président du Gabon. En mai 2021, la BNP Paribas est mise en examen pour « blanchiment de corruption et de détournements de fonds publics ».

À l’annonce de cette inculpation, la BNP Paribas s’est refusée à tout commentaire. Toutefois, d’après nos confrères de l’Agence France-Presse (AFP), face au juge, les représentants de la banque ont reconnu des « carences » dans leur suivi du dossier, mais nié « tout dessein frauduleux ».

En 1998, Omar Bongo, à l’époque président du Gabon, et Denis Sassou-Nguesso, son homologue congolais, toujours en poste en 2021. © PATRICK HERTZOG / AFP

La Banque de Denis Sassou-Nguesso

La famille Sassou-Nguesso du Congo-Brazzaville est aussi visée par cette enquête dite « des biens mal acquis ». La BGFIBank ne met les pieds dans ce pays voisin du Gabon qu’en 2000. C’est sa première succursale ouverte à l’international. Elle s’y implante en y reprenant les bureaux et le fichier clientèle d’une autre banque qui incarnait la « Françafrique », la banque africaine d’Elf : la Banque française intercontinentale (FIBA).

Quand la société pétrolière française Total absorbe sa compatriote Elf Aquitaine, la nouvelle holding se débarrasse de la FIBA, car elle a une réputation sulfureuse. Cette banque, uniquement implantée au Gabon et au Congo-Brazzaville, est contrôlée conjointement par la famille Bongo et Elf. Par le truchement de la FIBA, Elf avait accordé à ces États des préfinancements pétroliers (des avances sur bénéfices pétroliers à venir) qui ont eu tendance à s’évaporer. La FIBA avait aussi servi à acheter des armes. En 1997, Pascal Lissouba, alors président du Congo-Brazzaville, avait demandé, en pleine guerre civile, au directeur général de la FIBA d’effectuer quatre virements à des officines d’armement, en règlement d’hélicoptères Puma.

Au Congo-Brazzaville, le président du conseil d’administration de la BGFIBank Congo n’est autre que Jean-Dominique Okemba, neveu du président Denis Sassou-Nguesso et, depuis longtemps, son conseil spécial. En tant que secrétaire général du conseil national de sécurité, il est aussi le véritable patron des services de renseignements congolais.

Une autre enquête montre les liens entre cette banque et la famille Sassou. Selon l’ONG Global Witness, elle a été ouverte en juin 2020 par la police fédérale américaine (FBI). Entre 2011 et 2014, le fils de Denis Sassou-Nguesso est suspecté d’avoir détourné des millions de dollars de la Société nationale des pétroles du Congo (SNPC), dont il était directeur général adjoint. Ces fonds auraient transité par les comptes de sociétés écrans logés dans une filiale de la BGFIBank, puis vers des comptes bancaires en Floride afin d’y acheter notamment un penthouse d’une valeur marchande de trois millions de dollars.

Quand cette enquête est ouverte en juin 2020, la société civile et l’opposition congolaise jubilent. Mais selon Africa Intelligence, l’épouse de Denis-Christel Sassou-Nguesso aurait conclu un accord financier avec Washington pour clore cette enquête en échange de 1,9 million de dollars.

La Banque de Joseph Kabila

En République démocratique du Congo (RDC), 40% du capital de sa filiale BGFIBank RDC ont été attribués depuis 2010 à la jeune sœur de l’ancien président Kabila, Gloria Mteyu. Mais grâce aux millions de documents Congo Hold-up, on découvre que jusqu’en mai 2018, elle n’avait jamais payé ses parts qui s’élevaient à 15 millions de dollars. Cette somme aurait été avancée par la BGFI elle-même. C’est ce qu’indique un acte d’engagement préparé par la banque sur instructions de son président-directeur général, Henri-Claude Oyima, et adressé au directeur général de la BGFIBank RDC, Francis Selemani Mtwale, frère adoptif de Joseph Kabila, alors chef de l’État congolais. Au même moment, Francis Selemani Mtwale, qui avait régné en maître sur la filiale congolaise, se retrouve contraint à la démission.

Pour comprendre ces bouleversements, il faut revenir deux ans en arrière. Le premier scandale éclate en octobre 2016 dans les colonnes du quotidien belge Le Soir : documents à l’appui, l’ancien chef du département des engagements de la BGFIBank RDC, Jean-Jacques Lumumba, dénonce des « retraits douteux », des chèques non justifiés, des versements étonnants effectués par la Banque centrale du Congo sur le compte BGFIBank d’une société privée, Egal, détenue par des proches de Joseph Kabila. Il dénonce également un prêt illicite de 25 millions de dollars accordé par la BGFIBank RDC à la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (Céni), alors que les comptes de la Céni avaient été bloqués par la Banque centrale congolaise en raison d’impayés. Le soupçon formulé par Jean-Jacques Lumumba est que l’argent destiné aux élections ait été dilapidé en décaissements irréguliers.

La fuite de ces « Lumumba Papers » a provoqué une série d’audits internes à la BGFIBank RDC. Ces audits, que nous avons pu consulter en intégralité, étaient à la fois dévastateurs pour la banque et insuffisamment fouillés. Ils ont été orientés par de hauts responsables de cette banque, mais ils ont mené à la discrète exfiltration, en mai 2018, de Francis Selemani Mtwale.

Les révélations de Congo Hold-up, qui se poursuivront ces prochaines semaines, jettent une lumière crue sur l’ampleur des malversations à la BGFI RDC. Elles se basent sur la fuite de plus de 3,5 millions de documents bancaires et davantage encore de transactions. L’analyse de ces informations permet de connaître avec un degré de détails inédit ces pratiques de détournements de fonds présumés qui ont permis l’enrichissement non seulement de Joseph Kabila et de ses proches, mais aussi de plusieurs hommes d’affaires étrangers. Ni la holding BGFIBank ni ses différentes filiales n’ont accepté de répondre à nos questions.

La BGFIBank RDC est aussi dans le collimateur de la justice congolaise. Selon nos informations, une enquête a été ouverte dans le dossier Egal. Interrogé par Radio France Internationale (RFI) et Mediapart, tous deux partenaires de Congo Hold-up, le patron de l’Inspection générale des finances (IGF) du Congo-Kinshasa, Jules Alingete, ne mâche pas ses mots : « Pour moi, BGFI est une banque mafieuse. C’est un inspecteur général qui parle, après avoir mené ses enquêtes. C’est inacceptable ce qu’il s’est passé. »

Sources: Des révélations de RFI basées sur 3,5 millions de documents confidentiels issus de la banque BGFI, obtenus par Mediapart et l’ONG Plateforme pour la protection des lanceurs d’alerte en Afrique (PPLAAF), et partagés avec 19 médias et cinq ONG, coordonnés par le réseau European Investigative Collaborations (EIC).

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