Inyandiko dukesha prof Hakizimana Maurice
Mu ishuri, batwigishije ikarita y’isi n’umubumbe wayo,ariko mbega ngo baraduha amakarita bagoretse!! Ku ikarita, ubona ko umugabane w’u Burayi ari mugari cyane, ariko umugabane wa Afurika (yewe ndetse n’uwa Amerika y’Amajyepfo) ukaba kanzinya. Afurika igaragara nk’aho ari nto ugereranyije n’ingano yayo nyakuri. Reka mpere ku kwemeza iki kintu kimwe: ikarita y’isi uko muyizi yose yaragoretswe.
None se wasobanura gute ukuntu nka Groenland, (urugero rumwe mfashe) ifite ubuso bwa 2 175 600 km2, ku ikarita y’isi igaragara iruta cyane Afurika (ifite ubuso bwa 30 415 873 km2)? Mu by’ukuri, ubuso bw’umugabane wa Afurika bukubye incuro cumi n’enye ubuso bwa Groenland.
Ni ngombwa gusubiramo ikarita y’isi no kuyiga bundi bushya. Reka noneho hano nibande ku ngano nyakuri y’umugabane wa Afurika.
Wari uzi ko ubuso bwa Afurika buruta ubuso bwa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika,uteranyijeho ubw’umugabane wose w’Uburayi n’ubw’Ubushinwa?
Ibipimo by’ikarita bya Mercator ugereranyije n’ibipimo by’ikarita bya Peters
Muri iyi siyansi ni ngombwa kubanza kwibuka ikintu kimwe : amakarita twigishirijweho ashingiye ku bipimo byitiriwe Mercator (bwana Gérard Mercator). Ibipimo by’ikarita bya Mercator ni uburyo bwa gihanga bwo gushushanya ingano z’ikarita y’Isi « yiburungushuye »,ihengamiye ku murongo wa ekwateri y’isi nk’uko byashushanyijwe n’umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’isi (géographe) witwa Gerardus Mercator, hari mu mwaka 1569.
Bwana Gérard Mercator 1574.
Ikarita Mercator yashushanyije mu kinyejana cya 16 itubura nkana ingano y’ibihugu by’iburayi kugira ngo igaragaze imbaraga zabyo mu isi yo muri icyo gihe.
Ikarita y’isi ya Mercator.
Mu kinyejana cya 10,undi mugabo w’umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’isi (géographe) yaradutse maze nawe ashyiraho ake ndetse asohora ibipimo bye byamwitiriwe: ibipimo bya Peters. Ibipimo by’ingano y’ibihugu bya Peters ni uburyo bwa gihanga bwo gushushanya ingano z’ikarita bunyuranye n’ubwakoreshejwe na Mercator, bufasha mu kwerekana ubuso bwa nyakuri bw’imigabane y’isi.Kuri ibi bipimo bishya, amahindurangano yarubahirijwe kandi ubuso bwa buri mugabane bushushanywa uko bungana,nk’uko byemezwa n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho.
Afurika yagombye kugaragara ite ku ikarita,mu by’ukuri ?
Dore uko Afurika yagombye kuba igaragara ku ikarita mu by’ukuri
Dukurikije ibipimo bya Peters, tubona uko nibura ikarita ya Afurika yagombye kuba igaragara ku ikarita y’isi.Umubume wa Afurika ni munini cyane kuruta uko uwiyumvisha urebye gusa ku ikarita y’isi yashushanyijwe ikamanikwa mu mashuri cyangwa ishushanywa mu binyamakuru bikomeye by’isi.
Dore imibare idashidikanywaho : Afurika ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare miliyoni 30 mu gihe Ubushinwa na Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika buri kimwe gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare miliyoni 10 gusa. Uteruye Ubushinwa na Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika ukabitereka muri Afurika byateberamo, kandi wasigarana kilometero kare miliyoni 10 zo guterekamo Ubuhinde(bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare miliyoni 3)ugatebezamo n’ibihugu by’iburayi (uvanyemo gusa Uburusiya).
Witegereje ayo makarita yombi (ikurikiza ibipimo bya Peters mu ibara ry’ikigina n’ikurikiza ibipimo bya Mercator mu ibara ry’icyatsi) ubona ko ingano y’umugabane wa Afurika yapfobejwe ku bwende (ndetse n’iya Amerika y’Amajyepfo) ku ikarita y’isi dusanzwe tuzi twese.
- Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika: miliyoni 9,834 km²
- Ubushinwa: miliyoni 9,60km2
- Uburayi: miliyoni 10,53 km²
- Ubuhinde: miliyoni 3 287 263 km2
- Afurika: 30 415 873 km2
Abanyaburayi, Abashinwa, Abarusiya, n’Abanyamerika bishyira hejuru cyane mu isi bashyigikiye ihindurwa ry’ingano nyakuri y’umugabane wa Afurika ku ikarita y’isi yigishwa mu mashuri bigenderewe mu rwego rwo koza ubwonko bw’abanyeshuri no kubacengezamo imyumvire y’uko Afurika ari ubusa, ko nta cyo ivuze ko ari iyo guhora ikeneye ibindi bihugu bya rutura kandi by’ibuhangange mu isi.
Abakiri bato ubu batangiye kujijuka nyuma y’ibinyejana byinshi, nibo bagomba guhindura imyumvire kuri iyi ngingo. Ibitabo byigirwamo nabyo byagombye guhindurwa, Afurika ikareka kumiraza bunguri porogaramu zapanzwe n’abo muri ibyo bihugu byo ku migabane mito ariko yiyumva nk’iya rutura isuzugura umugabane wa Afurika.
Ese ni ngombwa ko bisubirwamo?
Kuri jye ni ngombwa cyane kuko umwana w’umunyafurika ukura areba ka Afurika ari kanzinya ku ikarita y’isi,kandi ntasobanurirwe nibura ko ibyo abona ku ikarita bigoramye,azakurana ya mitekerereze yo kumva ko Afurika ari nto, kandi nta mwanya ifite ugaragara mu isi, bityo ko itanagomba kwitabwaho cyane.
Ese gusoma iyi ngingo hari icyo bikunguye? Mbwira mu mwanya wagenewe ibitekerezo.
NB:Ni inyandiko yatambutse bwa mbere ku rubuga prof-maurice.com/rw
This really answered my problem, thank you!
It¦s in reality a nice and useful piece of information. I¦m satisfied that you simply shared this helpful information with us. Please stay us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
Good write-up, I¦m regular visitor of one¦s website, maintain up the nice operate, and It is going to be a regular visitor for a lengthy time.
Heya i’m for the primary time here. I found this board and I find It truly useful & it helped me out a lot. I am hoping to provide something again and aid others such as you aided me.
Only a smiling visitant here to share the love (:, btw outstanding layout.
Good write-up, I am normal visitor of one’s site, maintain up the nice operate, and It’s going to be a regular visitor for a long time.
You are my aspiration, I possess few web logs and occasionally run out from to brand.
I love what you guys are up too. Such clever work and exposure! Keep up the terrific works guys I’ve added you guys to blogroll.
hey there and thanks in your information – I have definitely picked up anything new from right here. I did then again experience some technical points the usage of this web site, as I skilled to reload the web site many occasions previous to I could get it to load properly. I had been brooding about in case your web hosting is OK? No longer that I’m complaining, however slow loading circumstances times will very frequently have an effect on your placement in google and can harm your quality score if ads and ***********|advertising|advertising|advertising and *********** with Adwords. Well I’m adding this RSS to my email and can look out for much more of your respective fascinating content. Ensure that you update this once more soon..
I have been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this blog. Thanks , I’ll try and check back more frequently. How frequently you update your web site?
I discovered your weblog site on google and examine just a few of your early posts. Continue to maintain up the superb operate. I just further up your RSS feed to my MSN Information Reader. Seeking ahead to studying more from you in a while!…
Hello there, You have done an incredible job. I’ll definitely digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I’m confident they’ll be benefited from this site.
An attention-grabbing discussion is worth comment. I feel that you must write extra on this subject, it might not be a taboo subject but typically individuals are not sufficient to talk on such topics. To the next. Cheers
Thank you for the good writeup. It in fact was a amusement account it. Look advanced to far added agreeable from you! However, how can we communicate?
Hi there! This post couldn’t be written any better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous room mate! He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thank you for sharing!
Puravive is a weight management supplement formulated with a blend of eight exotic nutrients and plant-based ingredients aimed at promoting fat burning.
Thankyou for helping out, good info .
obviously like your web site however you have to check the spelling on several of your posts. Many of them are rife with spelling issues and I find it very bothersome to inform the truth nevertheless I will definitely come back again.
Wow! This could be one particular of the most helpful blogs We’ve ever arrive across on this subject. Basically Excellent. I am also a specialist in this topic so I can understand your hard work.
Ikaria Lean Belly Juice is a dietary supplement that helps in losing weight.
Thanx for the effort, keep up the good work Great work, I am going to start a small Blog Engine course work using your site I hope you enjoy blogging with the popular BlogEngine.net.Thethoughts you express are really awesome. Hope you will right some more posts.
Right now it looks like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
You have noted very interesting details! ps decent web site.
Undeniably believe that which you stated. Your favorite reason seemed to be on the net the easiest thing to be aware of. I say to you, I definitely get irked while people consider worries that they plainly don’t know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and defined out the whole thing without having side effect , people can take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thanks
What Is ZenCortex? ZenCortex is an ear health booster that protects ears from potential damage and improves your hearing health.
I simply couldn’t leave your website before suggesting that I really loved the usual information an individual supply in your guests? Is gonna be back regularly to check up on new posts
This really answered my problem, thank you!
Great line up. We will be linking to this great article on our site. Keep up the good writing.
I’ve been browsing on-line greater than three hours lately, yet I never discovered any interesting article like yours. It?¦s lovely value sufficient for me. Personally, if all web owners and bloggers made excellent content as you probably did, the web shall be much more useful than ever before.
I am glad to be one of the visitors on this great site (:, regards for putting up.
Those are yours alright! . We at least need to get these people stealing images to start blogging! They probably just did a image search and grabbed them. They look good though!
I have recently started a blog, the information you provide on this website has helped me greatly. Thanks for all of your time & work.
But a smiling visitor here to share the love (:, btw outstanding layout. “Better by far you should forget and smile than that you should remember and be sad.” by Christina Georgina Rossetti.
After all, what a great site and informative posts, I will upload inbound link – bookmark this web site? Regards, Reader.
Hello there! I know this is somewhat off topic but I was wondering if you knew where I could get a captcha plugin for my comment form? I’m using the same blog platform as yours and I’m having trouble finding one? Thanks a lot!
Good V I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your web site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs and related information ended up being truly easy to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Quite unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or something, site theme . a tones way for your client to communicate. Excellent task..
The subsequent time I learn a blog, I hope that it doesnt disappoint me as much as this one. I mean, I do know it was my choice to read, however I actually thought youd have one thing fascinating to say. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you would fix should you werent too busy on the lookout for attention.
Hey very cool site!! Man .. Excellent .. Amazing .. I will bookmark your blog and take the feeds also…I am happy to find numerous useful info here in the post, we need develop more strategies in this regard, thanks for sharing. . . . . .
I got what you mean , thankyou for putting up.Woh I am happy to find this website through google. “Being intelligent is not a felony, but most societies evaluate it as at least a misdemeanor.” by Lazarus Long.
There are actually a variety of particulars like that to take into consideration. That is a nice level to bring up. I offer the ideas above as common inspiration but clearly there are questions like the one you bring up where an important factor might be working in honest good faith. I don?t know if greatest practices have emerged round things like that, but I am sure that your job is clearly recognized as a fair game. Both boys and girls really feel the influence of just a moment’s pleasure, for the rest of their lives.
Hello my friend! I wish to say that this article is amazing, nice written and include almost all vital infos. I’d like to see more posts like this.
What Is Puravive? Puravive is an herbal weight loss supplement that supports healthy weight loss in individuals.
Real good visual appeal on this internet site, I’d value it 10 10.
An interesting discussion is worth comment. I think that you should write more on this topic, it might not be a taboo subject but generally people are not enough to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers
I simply couldn’t depart your website prior to suggesting that I actually enjoyed the usual info a person supply on your visitors? Is going to be again often in order to check up on new posts
I’ve been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this web site. Thank you, I’ll try and check back more often. How frequently you update your web site?
Good write-up, I’m regular visitor of one’s blog, maintain up the nice operate, and It is going to be a regular visitor for a lengthy time.
I reckon something really interesting about your site so I saved to fav.
I conceive this internet site holds some real wonderful info for everyone. “In this world second thoughts, it seems, are best.” by Euripides.
I have been absent for some time, but now I remember why I used to love this blog. Thank you, I?¦ll try and check back more often. How frequently you update your site?
The very core of your writing whilst appearing reasonable initially, did not settle properly with me after some time. Someplace throughout the paragraphs you actually managed to make me a believer unfortunately only for a while. I however have a problem with your jumps in assumptions and you might do nicely to fill in all those gaps. When you actually can accomplish that, I could surely end up being impressed.
Hmm it seems like your website ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I submitted and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog. I too am an aspiring blog blogger but I’m still new to everything. Do you have any recommendations for rookie blog writers? I’d definitely appreciate it.
Hey are using WordPress for your blog platform? I’m new to the blog world but I’m trying to get started and set up my own. Do you require any coding expertise to make your own blog? Any help would be really appreciated!
Woh I love your blog posts, bookmarked! .
I must voice my respect for your generosity for visitors who actually need help with this particular study. Your real dedication to passing the message all-around became rather good and has in most cases helped individuals like me to achieve their pursuits. Your own invaluable key points means a great deal to me and somewhat more to my mates. With thanks; from everyone of us.
Hey there! This post couldn’t be written any better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous room mate! He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thank you for sharing!
I have learn some just right stuff here. Certainly value bookmarking for revisiting. I wonder how a lot effort you place to create such a fantastic informative site.
Somebody necessarily help to make critically posts I’d state. This is the very first time I frequented your website page and so far? I amazed with the analysis you made to make this actual post extraordinary. Fantastic task!
Greetings! This is my 1st comment here so I just wanted to give a quick shout out and say I genuinely enjoy reading your posts. Can you suggest any other blogs/websites/forums that deal with the same topics? Thanks a lot!
Heya! I’m at work browsing your blog from my new iphone 4! Just wanted to say I love reading through your blog and look forward to all your posts! Carry on the great work!
Hi there! Do you know if they make any plugins to safeguard against hackers? I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve worked hard on. Any recommendations?
You need to take part in a contest for top-of-the-line blogs on the web. I’ll recommend this site!
I’m still learning from you, but I’m trying to reach my goals. I definitely liked reading everything that is posted on your blog.Keep the stories coming. I loved it!
I’m really enjoying the design and layout of your blog. It’s a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more enjoyable for me to come here and visit more often. Did you hire out a developer to create your theme? Great work!
I would like to thnkx for the efforts you have put in writing this blog. I am hoping the same high-grade blog post from you in the upcoming as well. In fact your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own blog now. Really the blogging is spreading its wings quickly. Your write up is a good example of it.
you have got an excellent weblog here! would you wish to make some invite posts on my weblog?
I am not sure where you’re getting your information, but great topic. I needs to spend some time learning more or understanding more. Thanks for wonderful information I was looking for this information for my mission.
Can I just say what a relief to find someone who actually knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You definitely know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people need to read this and understand this side of the story. I cant believe youre not more popular because you definitely have the gift.
I like looking through and I think this website got some really utilitarian stuff on it! .
I have not checked in here for some time as I thought it was getting boring, but the last few posts are good quality so I guess I’ll add you back to my everyday bloglist. You deserve it my friend 🙂
I do not even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post was great. I do not know who you are but definitely you’re going to a famous blogger if you aren’t already 😉 Cheers!
Some truly nice and useful info on this web site, too I believe the style and design holds great features.
An impressive share, I simply given this onto a colleague who was doing a bit analysis on this. And he in truth bought me breakfast as a result of I found it for him.. smile. So let me reword that: Thnx for the treat! However yeah Thnkx for spending the time to discuss this, I feel strongly about it and love studying more on this topic. If possible, as you turn into expertise, would you mind updating your weblog with more particulars? It is highly useful for me. Massive thumb up for this weblog submit!