Récit de Mme Ariane Mukundente
Pour ce vendredi de gratitude, je vous parle d’un personnage mythique pour certains, mais qui a bel et bien existé et c’est une grande héroïne rwandaise. Curieusement, elle n’est pas connue des rwandais, mais par des étrangers jusqu’aux îles des Caraïbes en Jamaïque.
Laissez-moi vous présenter, la reine Nyiragahumuza ou Muhumuza selon certains, connue aussi sous le nom de Muserekande au Rwanda. Sa date de naissance n’est pas exactement connue, mais elle se situe vers la fin du 18ième siècle. Elle était l’une des épouses du roi rwandais Kigeli IV Rwabugiri.
Après la mort de Rwabugiri en 1895 et le coup d’État de Rucunshu en 1896, orchestré par l’épouse préférée de Rwabugiri, Kanjogera, pour introniser son fils, Musinga, à l’instar du successeur choisi, Rutalindwa, Muserakande a fui vers le nord à Mpororo en Uganda avec son fils Biregeya pour échapper au massacre.
Mais alors, ici, je vais vous raconter une petite histoire personelle que j’ai entendue quand j’étais jeune. Mes origines peuvent être retracées d’un petit village de Nyaruguru qui s’appelle Ngeli. Village insignifiant, mais dans le temps il y avait la maison du Roi Rwabugili. Son palais était à cinq minutes de chez moi, je connais l’endroit, ”ibigabiro” y sont toujours. Si je vous parle de mon village c’est que, croyez-le ou non, Nyiramuhumuza s’était enfui de Nyanza à Ngeli avec son fils, Biregeya pour fuir les massacres. Ngeli a été sa dernière demeure au Rwanda qu’elle a quitté pour s’enfuir définitivement vers l’Uganda.Il y a même une chanson qu’on chantait à cette reine hors du commun. Voilà pour la petite histoire! Un moment de gloire pour mon petit village natal!
Après sa fuite, elle se rebella contre l’establishment rwandais. Son premier combat devient, donc, personnelle, mais se transforma plus tard en une lutte coloniale contre les Britanniques en Uganda, les Allemands au Rwanda et les Belges au Congo. Malgré qu’elle soit rwandaise, elle développa son influence en Uganda en utilisant son pouvoir spirituel pour mobiliser les gens.
Nyiragahumuza se comporta comme un médium spirituel de Nyabingi, un culte dévoué autour d’une reine qui a vécu des siècles auparavant. Elle est possédée par l’esprit de la reine amazone, mais ses partisans ne la verront jamais car le culte l’oblige à se cacher dans un panier.
Les légendes les plus importantes à l’heure actuelle attribuent les origines de Nyabingi à Kitami, une reine du royaume de Mpororo du XVIIIe siècle (dans le sud de l’Ouganda), dont le meurtre par son mari, Murari, a été suivi d’une série de catastrophes naturelles. Après sa mort, toutes les atrocités qui se sont produites ont été considérées comme dues à la vengeance de Nyabingi, tandis que toutes les bonnes choses qui se sont produites ont été attribuées à son interférence positive qu’elle a exercée par l’intermédiaire de médiums qui avaient été possédés par son esprit. Ces possessions ont conduit à l’émergence d’une nouvelle pratique religieuse que les colonisateurs européens à l’époque ont largement qualifiée de culte de Nyabingi.
En revendiquant l’autorité spirituelle par l’intermédiaire de Nyabingi, Nyiragahumuza a pu rallier le peuple Abakiga du nord du Rwanda derrière elle pour contester la prétention de Musinga au trône. Au cours des années suivantes, elle a levé des armées et organisé une série d’insurrections visant à introniser son fils, Biregeya, qui, selon elle, était le successeur légitime de Rwabugiri. Elle a également encouragé ses partisans à lui rendre hommage, plutôt qu’à la cour de Musinga. En réponse, Musinga a demandé aux colonisateurs allemands de l’aider à vaincre le mouvement de Nyiragahumuza.
Les Allemands l’ont arrêtée en 1908 pour de la sorcellerie et l’ont emprisonnée à Bukoba jusqu’à son évasion en 1911. Une fois de plus, elle fuit vers le nord où elle commence à rallier ses partisans, mais cette fois au mépris des colonisateurs allemands et britanniques qui revendiquent la région, en collaboration avec le chef Basebya. Ils étaient à l’origine des premières résistances armées contre la colonisation dans la région, Nyiragahumuza encourageant leurs partisans à ne pas craindre les armes européennes car Nyabingi transformerait les balles des Européens en eau.
La rébellion de Nyiragahumuza a suscité beaucoup d’inquiétude parmi les colonisateurs européens de la région, ainsi que parmi les missionnaires européens qui tentaient de répandre le christianisme, incitant les Allemands et les Britanniques à unir leurs forces.
Le 29 septembre 1911, ils ont encerclé les forces de Nyiragahumuza et, après une courte bataille, l’ont arrêtée. Les Britanniques l’ont escortée à Kampala, où ils l’ont gardée en résidence surveillée jusqu’à sa mort en 1945.Ainsi, elle est vénérée pour son combat contre les trois puissances coloniales – les Allemands, les Britanniques et les Belges – mais aussi sa résistance à l’establishment et aux normes qui limitaient les droits des femmes dans la société.
Certains de ses disciples croient réellement que Nyiragahumuza elle-même est la reine Nyabingi. D’autres la voient comme étant la réincarnation, ou comme l’être possédé par l’esprit d’une reine rwandaise du même nom qui a vécu plusieurs siècles en arrière.
Malheureusement son histoire n’a jamais été entièrement documentée, en raison de la nature patriarcale de la société et de l’impérialisme colonial. Elle a inspiré toute une lutte anticoloniale dans la région.
Très peu connue à travers l’Afrique, l’histoire de Nyiragahumuza a été intégré dans le mouvement de Rasftafari où elle est devenue le symbole de la résistance anti-impérialiste même au-delà de l’Afrique. Le culte de Nyabingi entourant sa personne a donné son nom au manoir de Nyabingi une branche du Mouvement Rastafari de Jamaïque.
Aujourd’hui, les partisans de la reine Nyiragahumuza la considèrent comme un modèle et une véritable représentation de l’inclusion et de la résistance à des normes qui minent des sections de la société.
Ainsi, rendons hommage à cette héroïne rwandaise au vrai sens du terme qui a été récupéré par d’autres peuples ayant reconnu sa bravoure. L’esprit de Nyiragahumuza vit à travers le mouvement Rastafari popularisé par le célèbre chanteur Bob Marley. Le seul artiste qui lui a rendu hommage, chez nous est Ben Rutabana dans Nyabingi Story.
Certains historiens, écrivains ougandais et certains essayent de réhabiliter son image pour qu’elle devienne un modèle inspirant et une figure historique dans la lutte contre le colonialisme.
C’était une femme intelligente, puissante et charismatique qui a définitivement sa place au panthéon de nos héros. Reine Nyiragahumuza niyubahwe!
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