Kuva mu kwezi kwa (7) Nyakanga 2021, ingabo z’u Rwanda zoherejwe mu gihugu cya Mozambike kurwana n’inyeshyamba zifitanye isano n’ibyihebe byiyita Leta ya Kiyisilamu mu ntara ya Cabo Delgado. Tariki 26 Mutarama 2022 umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ingabo z’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’u Burayi bwana Hervé Bléjean yahishuye ko u Rwanda rwasabye “inkunga y’amafaranga yo gukoresha muri ibyo bikorwa mu rwego rw’uburayi rushinzwe amahoro,kandi ko ubuyobozi bwarwo bushyigikiye ko izo nkunga zitangwa” [1].
Uwo mwanzuro w’ibihugu by’i Burayi wo gutera inkunga z’amafaranga ibikorwa bya gisirikare byo guhashya “ibyihehe” mu ntara ya Cabo Delgado urumvikana rwose,gusa igiteye amakenga,ni uguhitamo gukoresha u Rwanda muri ubwo bufatanye bwo kugarurayo umutekano.
Muri iyi nyandiko turagerageza gusesengurira hamwe namwe imimerere n’impamvu zishobora kuba zasunikira inzego z’ibihugu by’i Burayi,ziri gushorwa n’igihugu cy’Ubufaransa,guha amafaranga yo gukoreshwa n’igisirikare cy’u Rwanda.
Uwo mushinga wo gusabira u Rwanda ayo mafaranga wahimbwe kandi ujyanwa muri bagenzi be b’i Burayi na perezida w’Ubufaransa bwana Emmanuel Macron.
Impamvu ari umushinga w’Abafaransa,ni uko mu kwezi kwa(10)Ukwakira 2011,mu gihugu cya Mozambike havumbuwe ibirombe binini cyane byuzuyemo gaz mu birometero bigera kuri 40 mu nyanja aherekeye mu majyaruguru y’igihugu. Niramuka icukuwe yose,ibyo birombe birimo gazi igera kuri metero kibe miliyari ibihumbi bitanu,bizahindura Mozambike igihugu cya kane ku isi gicukurwamo kandi kikohereza hanze gazi itunganyijwe,kandi izaba ariyo ya mbere ku mugabane wa Afurika. Isosiyeti yitwa TotalEnergies y’abafaransa irazwi cyane mu gucuruza ibikomoka kuri peteroli/lisansi ku isi,niyo yashoye imali y’akayabo ka miliyari 20 z’amadolari ya Amerika muri uwo mushinga wa Gaz,ikaba ari yo Sosiyeti yigenga y’abafaransa nini cyane ikorera ku mugabane wa Afurika.Umunyamerika ExxonMobil n’umutaliyani ENI nabo bashyize imigabane y’akayabo muri uwo mushinga wo gucukura iyo gaz.
Nyuma y’igitero gishya cy’iterabwoba ry’uwo mutwe ugendera ku mahame akaze ya kiyisilamu cyabaye tariki ya 24 (3) werurwe 2021, ya Sosiyeti TotalEnergies yahagaritse imirimo.Abo bakozi b’abafaransa basohoye itangazo risobanura impamvu basubitse imirimo bavuga ko byatewe « n’impamvu zikomeye z’umutekano ugenda urushaho kuba mubi »[2]. Uko bigaragara, ingabo za Mozambike ntizari zigishoboye kugenzura igice cyose cy’iyo ntara yaCabo Delgado yari imaze kwigarurirwa igice kinini n’abarwanyi bagendera ku lhame akaze ya kiyisilamu (djihadistes).
Perezida wa Mozambike bwana Filipe Nyusi,yahise yitabaza bwangu bagenzi be basangiye inyungu zizavamo,cyane cyane igihugu cy’Ubufaransa ,maze bamugira inama yo kwitabaza perezida mugenzi we w’u Rwanda.Ntiyazuyaje kuko tariki 30 z’ukwezi kwa(4) Mata 2021 yari yasesekaye i Kigali kugira ngo asabe byemewe uwo musada. Perezida w’u Rwanda Paul Kagame,mbere yo kumwemerera byuzuye kuzoherezayo ingabo ze,yabanje gushaka kumenya niba abazungu b’i Burayi ba nyiri nyungu bazamutera ho inkunga y’amafaranga.Yabanje gusimbukira i Paris mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho (kwa 5) Gicurasi 2021 mu nama y’ishoramari ku iterambere ry’ubukungu bwa Afurika. Mu mwiherero iyo nama igikomeje,perezida Paul Kagame yihengekanye na mugenzi we perezida Emmanuel Macron hamwe na Minisitiri w’Intebe wa Porutugari bwana Antonio Costa kugira ngo ababaze niba biteguye koko kuzamushyigikira muri uwo mushinga.
Bamaze kumuha icyizere, ingabo z’u Rwanda ntizatinze kuko aba mbere bagera ku basirikare n’abapolisi 1000 bahise boherezwa muri Mozambike mu ntangiriro z’ukwezi kwa (7) Nyakanga 2021. Kuva ubwo, ingabo z’u Rwanda zikorana n’ingabo za Mozambike ndetse n’ingabo z’ibihugu by’Umuryango wa SADEC mu guhashya abarwanyi babuzaga amahoro iyo ntara.
UBUFARANSA BUKORA ICYO BUSHATSE CYOSE MURI AFURIKA
N’ubwo igihugu cy’Ubufaransa ari cyo gihangayikishijwe cyane n’uwo mutekano muke,nticyashatse kohereza ingabo zacyo bwite kurwanya abarwanyi ba kiyisilamu bamereye nabi intara ya Cabo Delgado. Birumvikana kuko ingabo z’Ubufaransa zitorohewe n’indi ntambara zirwana n’ibyihebe bikora iterabwoba muri Sahel kandi zikaba zihafite isura mbi cyane ndetse zanzwe n’abaturage bo mu ri ibyo bice byegereye Sahel,abaturage batakizifitiye icyizere nyuma y’imyaka icyenda y’intambara barwanamo,nta musaruro ufatika ugaragara.Ikindi kandi,ibindi bikorwa bya gisirikare by’Ubufaransa nk’ibyakozwe muri Côte d’ivoire,muri République Centrafricaine cyangwa muri Libiya byose byagiye birangira nabi,isura y’Ubufaransa ihangirikiye cyane.
Abanyafurika benshi bashinja Ubufaransa kwitwara « nk’umukoloni mushya w’indyarya ».Bashinja Ubufaransa kubabwiriza ivanjiri yo kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu n’amahame ya demukarasi,ku ruhande rumwe, nyamara ku rundi,bugashyigikira abanyagitugu bari ku butegetsi muri Afurika no kwishakira uko bubungabunga inyungu zabwo gusa,bunyuze mu nzira zose zishoboka.
Urubyiruko rwo mu bihugu byo mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika,rwarabirambiwe maze ruhagurukira rimwe mu gushyigikira ibikorwa bigayitse by’abasirikare bari guhirika bene ubwo butegetsi (coups d’Etat militaires),ibintu byiganje cyane muri iyi myaka ya vuba aha nko muri Mali, muri Gineya no muri Burkina-Faso,banatera umugongo Ubufaransa bwari bwarabifatiye imyaka n’imyaniko bahitamo gukorana n’Uburusiya n’ubwo nabwo ari yo yayo,ariko nibe nabwo.
Kubera izo mpamvu zose rero,abayobozi b’Ubufaransa,basigaye bashidikanya kohereza ingabo zabo ubwabo ku butaka bwa Afurika.
AMAYERI YA KAGAME YO GUCURUZA BUCANCURO INGABO ZE NK’INTWARO YA DIPOLOMASI YAGEZE KU NTEGO
Iyi mikorere mishya y’abayobozi b’Ubufaransa yatumye perezidansi y’Ubufaransa yiyemeza kubyutsa umubano n’igihugu cy’u Rwanda. U Rwanda rumaze imyaka 20 rucungira ibintu byose(harimo n’ububanyi n’amahanga) ku ngufu za gisirikare. Nk’ubu,nicyo gihugu cya kane ku isi cyohereza ingabo zacyo mu butumwa bw’amahoro bw’Umuryango w’abibumbye ONU hirya no hino ku isi kikaba icya mbere ugereranyije abasirikare bacyo boherezwa n’umubare w’abaturage bacyo [3], ubwo bushake bwinshi cyane u Rwanda rugaragariza bose bwashimwe cyane i New York muri ONU. U Rwanda rwashoboye kujya rukoresha uwo mwanya rufite ku rwego mpuzamahanga,ni ukuvuga wo kuba rufite ingabo zinyanyagiye hirya no hino mu bikorwa bya ONU byo kugarura amahoro,mu gushyira igitutu cya dipolomasi ku bihugu bimwe na bimwe.Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika,zagiye zimukoresha cyane,ndetse zikanamurinda icyamuhungabanya. Uko kohereza ingabo si ubukorerabushake bwa gutyo gusa, kuko dufashe urugero nko muri uyu mwaka wa 2022,Umuryango w’Abibumbye uzaha u Rwanda miliyoni 171 z’amadolari ya Amerika[4] nk’agahimbazamusyi k’ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro rwakoze mu bihugu binyuranye.
Iyo manu y’agatubutse hamwe no kuba abasirikare b’u Rwanda bamaze kuba inararibonye mu bikorwa bya gisirikare nibyo byatumye perezida Paul Kagame agira igisirikare cy’umwuga,cyatojwe,kandi gifite ibikoresho bikomeye,kivugwaho kuba kimwe mu bikomeye kurusha ibyinshi muri Afurika.
Uko gushimwa kw’igisirikare cy’u Rwanda niko kwatumye buhoro buhoro i Kigali bagenda bagihinduramo icyo guca incuro,maze ibyahoze ari ukubungabunga amahoro ku isi byemewe n’Umuryango w’abibumbye babihinduramo gucuruza igisirikare ku gihugu kizikeneye mu buryo butaziguye. Igikorwa cya mbere cyo gucuruza ingabo muri ubwo buryo cyakozwe mu kwezi kwa (12) ukuboza 2020 ku gihugu cya République Centrafricaine (RCA) [5],[6], aho u Rwanda rwohereje ingabo zo mu mutwe udasanzwe kujya kurinda perezida Faustin-Archange Touadéra, wari wugarijwe n’inyeshyamba zashakaga kumufatana igihugu zari zigeze mu bilometero bike cyane zerekeza mu murwa mukuru,Bangui.
Aho nanone, u Rwanda rwahakuye imali ishyushye kuko rwagiranye na Centre Afrique amasezerano y’ubuhahirane n’ubucuruzi yatumye rubasha gukurayo amabuye y’agaciro atagira ingano.[7]
UBUFARANSA BWAHISEMO KAGAME NGO ABUCUNGIRE INYUNGU ZABWO MURI CENTRAFRIQUE
Iyo mikoranire hagati y’u Rwanda na Repubulika ya Centrafurika(RCA) yahawe umugisha n’Ubufaransa hamwe n’Uburayi. Igihugu cya Centrafurika ni kimwe mu byahoze bikolonijwe b’Ubufaransa kandi i Paris baracyahagenzura bubi na bwiza. Ariko,mu mwaka wa 2016, perezida François Hollande yafashe umwanzuro wo gukurayo ingabo z’Ubufaransa zari zaragiyeyo mu gikorwa (Opération) cyiswe Sangaris zahakoreraga kuva mu mwaka wa 2013.U Bufaransa rero bwagombaga gukurayo ingabo zabwo zose mbere gato y’uko perezida mushya bwana Faustin-Archange Touadéra atangira imirimo ye,ariko hari hakiri ibibazo bikomeye by’umutekano kandi bihangayikishije cyane.
Ibyo rero nibyo byahaye icyuho igihugu cy’Uburusiya cyane cyane ingabo zabwo zo mu mutwe wihariye,ukaze cyane, zikora ubucanshuro zizwi ku izina rya Wagner.Perezida mushya wa centrafrika wari ukeneye cyane ubufasha bw’amahanga yahise asimbukira mu Barusiya maze nabo bamwumva vuba baza gusimbura abafaransa i Bangui. Abo bacanshuro b’abarusiya bungukiye muri ako kavuyo kose maze nabo bisahurira amabuye y’agaciro atagira ingano y’igihugu cya Centrafrique[8].
I Paris, bahise bajiginywa kuko basimbujwe maze batangira gushaka undi muvuno. Umwe mu myanzuro perezida w’Ubufaransa yafashe ni iyo guhamagara i Kigali.Kuva muri 2014, Umuryango w’abibumbye ONU wari waratangije ubutumwa bw’amahoro muri Centrafrique,ubutumwa bwiswe MINUSCA aho u Rwanda rwari rwaroherejemo abasirikare mu izina rya ONU kuva ubwo butumwa bugitangira. Kubera ko nta ngabo zihagije kandi zatojwe Centrafrique yari ifite,u Rwanda ari narwo rwari rufite abasirikare benshi muri ubwo butumwa bwa MINUSCA[9], rwahindutse vuba igihugu cya kabiri kihafite ijambo rikomeye inyuma y’Uburusiya.
Kuva rero Ubufaransa bwikuye muri RCA,bwatangije imishinga myinshi yo kwemezwa n’akanama na ONU gashinzwe amahoro ku isi,imyanzuro igamije gufasha no gutera inkunga ingabo ziri mu butumwa bwa MINUSCA,ariko Uburusiya bukayiburizamo [10] bukoresheje rya jwi ritavuguruzwa ryabwo ryitwa “droit de veto”. Umwanzuro u Rwanda rwafashe muri 2020 wo kohereza muri Centrafurika ingabo nyinshi ku ruhande mu bwumvikane bw’ibihugu byombi,bikaba byarabaye igikorwa cyaburijemo ibyo by’amajwi atavuguruzwa yo mu kanama k’Umuryango w’abibumbye,byakiriwe neza i Paris.
Ayo mahitamo y’Ubufaransa yo gushyigikira ubucancuro u Rwanda rwakoze muri Centrafurika rwayahisemo kubera ko,ku ruhande rumwe,bwashakaga ko inyungu z’Ubufaransa zidahungabanywa ahubwo u Rwanda rukazirinda,ku rundi ruhande,byari ugukoresha Kigali nk’ijisho ryabwo ngo Uburusiya butiba cyane umutungo mwinshi cyane wa RCA no kugabanya imbaraga zabwo. Kuva ubwo,u Rwanda ruhinduka igikoresho Ubufaransa bukoresha gicancuro muri Centrafrique.
Uko gufasha u Rwanda bucece, Paris yanabukoresheje inyuze mu muryango w’Ubumwe bw’uburayi. Ikinyamakuru gicukumbura cyane kitwa African Intelligence[11], igitangazamakuru gifite ubuhanga mu gukurikirana buri kantu kose mu bibaye muri politike n’ubukungu byo ku mugabane wa Afurika,giherutse guhishura ko umuryango w’Uburayi bwunze ubumwe (Union européenne) uteganya kurindisha u Rwanda ingabo zatojwe kinyamwuga zizakora ubutumwa bwa gisirikare zikorera ibihugu by’Uburayi,kugira ngo byizere ko abo basirikare batazakoreshwa cyangwa ngo bakorane bya hafi n’umutwe udasanzwe w’abacancuro bo mu Burusiya bo muri Wagner.
KUBYUTSA UMUBANO «IKIGUZI BYASABA CYOSE»
Ku ruhande rumwe hari igihugu cya rutura cy’igihangange ariko kigenda biguru ntege muri Afurika, ku rundi ruhande hakaba agahugu gato k’akadomo ariko kayobowe n’abategetsi bafite inyota idashira y’amafaranga,kongera kubyutsa umubano urimo indamu ntibigoye. Inyungu z’Ubufaransa bwa Macron n’iz’u Rwanda rwa Kagame byabaye mahwii. Ariko birengagije ihwa rikiri mu kirenge, ihwa rizababuza gukomezanya umunsi umwe: uruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu mateka ya jenocide yo mu Rwanda.
Ku ruhande rumwe, perezida Paul Kagame yashinjaga ubutegetsi bw’i Paris« kugira uruhare rutaziguye mu itegurwa rya jenoside ndetse no mu kuyikora ». Ni mu gihe, ku rundi ruhande ubucamanza bwo mu Bufaransa bwashinjaga Kagame na bamwe mu bategetsi bakuru bamwegereye kuba barahanuye indege ya perezida Juvénal Habyarimana, bikaba aribyo byakomye imbarutso y’iyo jenoside.
Ni muri uwo mwuka wa politike utoroshye, abakuru b’ibihugu byombi bashoboye guhumiriza ibyo byose mu gihe gito cyane: mu myaka 4 gusa bakozemo ibikorwa 4.
Igikorwa cya mbere cyakozwe na perezida w’Ubufaransa Macron,wemeye guha impano ya mbere u Rwanda,mu mwaka wa 2018 agira madamu Louise Mushikiwabo,wari minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga wa Paul Kagame, umunyamabanga mukuru w’Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ibihugu bikoresha ururimi rw’igifaransa( La Francophonie).Uyu mwanzuro watangaje abantu bose kuko icyo gihe,ibi bihugu byombi Ubufaransa n’u Rwanda, nta mubano byari bigifitanye mu buryo bwemewe,buzwi. Muzi n’ikindi se? U Rwanda rwari rwaraciye ururimi rw’igifaransa,ururimi rwa Molière,rugisimbuza ururimi rw’icyongereza,ururimi rwa Shakespeare ndetse runinjira mu Muryango mpuzamahanga w’ibihugu bikoresha ururimi rw’icyongereza, ari wo Commonwealth.
Igikorwa cya kabiri nacyo ni Ubufaransa bwagikoze: umwanzuro wo kureka ibirego bwashinjaga abasirikare icyenda bakuru bahoze hafi ya Paul Kagame ibirego byo gutegeka ihanurwa ry’indege yahitanye perezida Juvénal Habyarimana mu kwezi kwa (4)Mata 1994. Nyuma y’iperereza ryamaze imyaka 20 yose,abatangabuhamya benshi bari bafite amakuru yafasha mu bushinjacyaha bagiye baburirwa irengero abandi bakicwa, i Paris ho babitse iyo dosiye, ubutazongera kuyibyutsa. Iyi dosiye yari yarateye uburakari bwinshi cyane Kagame n’abaregwa bose kandi ibabuza amahoro mu myaka 20 yose,yagize itya iba igiye ku ruhande,binezeza bitavugwa Kagame n’abo mu gatsiko kamwegereye cyane.
Igikorwa cya gatatu,cyabaye icyo guhindura umuvuno,guhindura imvugo,(le story telling) na disikuru politike yakwirakwizwaga mu itangazamakuru . Ubufaransa bwahoze bunenga bihoraho u Rwanda ku bikorwa byarwo byo guhonyora uburenganwira bw’ikiremwamuntu,maze Kagame atangira kuvugwaho ko ari umutegetsi w’igitangaza,ufite icyerekezo cyiza, wagaruye ituze mu Rwanda kandi waruteje imbere bitangaje.
Igikorwa cya kane,ari nacyo cya nyuma,ibihugu byombi byasohoye raporo zisa nk’intobo,raporo twakwita « impanga» (hari Rapport Duclert yakozwe n’abafaransa hakaba na Rapport Muse yakozwe n’u Rwanda) zombi zanenze imyitwarire y’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda rwo mu myaka ya za 90 ariko rukuraho icyaha n’icyasha Ubufaransa n’abari abayobozi babwo. Nguko uko,ba perezida Macron na Kagame bumvikanye bucece ukuntu basiga ibyahise inyuma yabo bakareka ibyo gucukumbura ukuri kose,maze bakubaka ubuzima bushya bwo gushakisha ifaranga,ububanyi n’amahanga bushya,no kureba uko bajya bacunga umutekano mu bihe biri imbere bafatanyije [12]. Ibyo byabaye byanditsweho cyane kandi abashakashatsi benshi n’abanyamakuru yewe ndetse n’abarokotse jenoside babivuzeho byinshi[13].
Nyuma y’iyo mihango yose,Emmanuel Macron yanyarukiye mu Rwanda mu kwezi kwa (5) Gicurasi 2021 kugira ngo bwa bwiyunge no kubyutsa umubano hagati y’Ubufaransa n’u Rwanda,bishyirwe ku mugaragaro,ndetse banasinyana amasezerano yo kuzaha u Rwanda inkunga izagera kuri miliyoni 500 z’amayero mu gihe cy’imyaka 4 amafaranga azafasha ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda muri byinshi[14]. Izo nkunga nizitangwa,zizahindura Ubufaransa igihugu kimwe mu bihugu 3 bitera inkunga u Rwanda mu bikorwa byayo by’iterambere mu gihe bwari buri ku mwanya wa 10 gusa.
Paul Kagame yongeye yariye. Mu gihe umubano we na Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubwongereza ,ibihugu byahoze bimufata ku kibuno kuva mu ntangiriro,bimaze imyaka runaka byaramutaye,hanyuma nawe agatuma bihumira ku mirari ashimuta kandi akajugunya Paul Rusesabagina muri gereza,yitoraguriye Ubufaransa,umubyeyi mushya wa batisimu waje akenewe cyane kugira ngo akomeze ibikorwa bye.
ESE INGABO Z’U RWANDA ZABA ZARAHINDUTSE ABACANCURO BAKORESHWA N’UBUFARANSA ?
Ubufaransa bugomba guhaguruka bugapiganwa n’abarusiya bifuza kongera imbaraga zabo muri Afurika. Ni ipiganwa risa nk’aho ari iry’amacenga kuko kenshi na kenshi Kremlin yo yihisha inyuma y’umutwe w’abacancuro bayo b’abahanga cyane mu bya gisirikare witwa Wagner bagakora mu buryo busa nk’aho Uburusiya nk’igihugu butagaragara byemewe.
Abacancuro bibumbiye mu mutwe wa Wagner boherejwe ku mugabane wa Afurika nko muri Sudani, muri Centrafrika,muri Libiya, muri Madagascar, muri Mozambike ndetse vuba aha banoherejwe muri Mali. Ni amayeri akomeye azatuma perezida w’Uburusiya bwana Vladimir Poutine awukoresha icyo ashatse kandi ntawushobora kugira icyo amuryoza,nk’igihe unaniwe gukora akazi kawo,igihe wijanditse mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cyangwa mu gihe usahuye ibihugu,igihe mbese bigenze nabi;ariko bikazamuhesha ishema n’inyungu nyinshi mu gihe byose bigenze neza.
Biragaragara ko Emmanuel Macron ashobora kuba abona mugenzi we wo mu Burusiya yaramurushije ubwenge nuko nawe agashaka uko yamwigana. Yiyegereje Kagame,igisirikare cye,n’izindi nzego ze, perezida w’Ubufaransa akoresha bucancuro ingabo z’indwanyi kabuhariwe,zitinywa ariko ziteye agahinda kurusha izindi zose ku mugabane wa Afurika,ingabo z’u Rwanda. Ikimuhangayikishije cyane ariko,ni ukureba uko yagabanya urwango Ubufaransa bwanzwe kubera isura mbi busigaye bufite aho bugaragazwa nk’ubushaka kugarukana ubukoloni bushya. Ikindi kandi, ibikorwa bya gisirikare Ubufaransa bukoreshamo gicancuro abasirikare b’u Rwanda biramutse bitagenze neza, si we uzahura n’ingaruka z’ako kanya,ngo abazwe cyane cyane n’abaturage b’Ubufaransa bariye karungu bamubaza iby’abana babo b’abasirikare bagwa ku rugamba iyi bigwa kure y’igihugu cyabo. Ku ruhande rwa Paul Kagame we, icy’ingenzi ni uko Ubufaransa bumubyara muri batisimu,bukamurinda,dore ko bunafite ijambo ku isi,bukaba ari bumwe mu bihugu bibiri byakwitwa inkingi za mwamba z’Uburayi,kandi bukaba ari umunyamuryango uhoraho mu kanama gashinzwe amahoro ku isi.
Ikindi kuri Paris,abasirikare b’u Rwanda, ni indi karita nziza cyane Ubufaransa bwacanga mu gusaba ibindi bihugu bya Afurika bidatekanye gukoresha abacancuro babwo b’abanyarwanda aho gushyugumbwa bisaba umusada w’umutwe w’abacancuro w’abarusiya wa Wagner. Gukoresha abasirikare b’u Rwanda bucancuro byafasha abategetsi bo muri Afurika kurangaza abaturage babo kuko bababwira ko abanyarwanda ari igisubizo cyiza kuko ari abanyafurika nka bo.
Igihe u Rwanda rwabazwaga impamvu rwohereje abasirikare babwo kurwanira igihugu cya Mozambike, Paul Kagame yahise aboneraho kubeshya ko yabitewe « no gukunda Afurika » maze asubiza muri ya ntero ye agira ati : « Abanyafurika turashoboye kandi dushobora kwishakamo ibisubizo by’ibibazo byacu uko byaba bigoye kose.Nta cyagombye kutubuza guha abatuye Afurika yacu umutekano,iterambere,n’ubuzima bwiza. Niyo mpamvu u Rwanda rutajijinganyije,igihe rwitabazwaga ngo rufatanye n’ingabo za Mozambike kugarukana amahoro muri kano karere. »[15]
ABACANCURO BA WAGNER – ABACANCURO B’U RWANDA :IBISA BIRASABIRANA ?
Ubusanzwe kugereranya ingabo z’igihugu n’umutwe w’abacancuro bibonwa nk’ibidakwiriye. Nyamara ibi byo birasa ndetse ni bimwe neza neza. Iyo witegereje imikorere,intego,n’aho bahitamo kujya gukorera, uhita ubona ko burya ingabo z’u Rwanda zamaze kuba abacancuro neza neza nk’aba Wagner.
Iyo witegereje aho bari hose, usanga banyuranamo cyangwa bakorana gicancuro aho kenshi na kenshi ibikorwa byabo bihurira byose ku butaka bwa Afurika. Nko muri Centrafurika, aba bacancuro bombi bahuriye mu kiraka cyo kurinda ubutegetsi bwaho. Muri Mozambike, abacancuro bo mu mutwe wa Wagner nibo bahabanje nuko babererekera bagenzi babo bo mu mutwe w’ingabo z’u Rwanda nyuma yo kuhakorera hagati yo mu mwaka wa 2019 na 2021.Abacancuro bo mu Burusiya bari barahawe ikiraka na Mozambike cyo kwiga ukuntu ikibazo cy’abarwanyi bo mu mutwe ugendera ku matwara ya kiyisilamu bo mu ntara ya Cabo Delgado cyakemurwa burundu, ibintu bagerageje ariko bikarangira batabishoboye. Hanyuma,iyo mitwe yombi ya gicancuro ubu amaso yayo ari muri Mali.
Nyuma y’aho ingabo z’Ubufaransa zitangarije ko zigiye kuzinga akarago zikava muri Mali, abacancuro ba Wagner baba baratangiye kohereza ingabo zabo mu kiraka cyo muri Sahel. Ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda, umugaba mukuru w’igisirikare cy’u Rwanda,Jean-Bosco Kazura yasimbukiye i Bamako mu kwezi kwa (10) ukwakira 2020[16]. Aho i Bamako,yagiranye ibiganiro n’umugaba mukuru w’ingabo za Mali bwana Oumar Diarra ndetse na minisitiri w’ingabo z’igihugu bwana Sadio Camara.Uw’u Rwanda yabasabye ikiraka,abizeza ko nibakorana bazagarura umutekano bidatinze. Nk’uko bimeze muri Repubulika ya Centrafurika, perezidansi y’Ubufaransa yakwishimira ko Mali yemerera ikiraka abanyarwanda,kuko muri iki gihe umubano w’Ubufaransa n’agatsiko k’abasirikare bafashe ubutegetsi muri Mali umeze nabi cyane,impamvu akaba nta yindi ari ukubera ko Bamako na Moscou bibanye neza kandi Ubufaransa butabishaka.
Byaba muri Centrafurika,muri Mozambike cyangwa muri Sahel,mu by’ukuri byaba u Rwanda, byaba Wagner bose ntawe ufite inyungu nyazo cyangwa zihariye zasobanura impamvu bagiye kurwana mu bihugu by’abandi.Ukuri ni uko bose bakorera inyungu nyakuri z’ibihugu bya rutura byo biba byibereye mu mikino ya politike yo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyangwa byibereye mu bucuruzi buhambaye.
Ikindi kandi, Wagner n’u Rwanda byombi bisangiye uburyo bihembeshamo, uburyo bwenda gusa. Ikiranga ibihugu aba bacancuro bombi bajya kurwaniramo,ni uko ibyo bihugu byose biba bifite ibirombe bicukurwamo amabuye y’agaciro urugero nka zahabu nyinshi.Ukuri kuzwi ni uko, Wagner n’u Rwanda byombi bibanza gusinyana amasezerano yo gucukura ayo mabuye y’agaciro kugira ngo abe ari byo biba umushahara wabyo mu buryo butaziguye.
NINDE UZISHYURA IBIKORESHWA MU MIRIMO YA GISIRIKARE MURI MOZAMBIKE?
Ubusanzwe icyo igisirikare cy’igihugu kirusha abacancuro ni uko bo baba bahembwa na Leta izwi. Ibikorwa ingabo z’u Rwanda zikora muri Mozambike bibarirwa ikiguzi cy’akayabo ka miliyoni 20 z’amadolari buri kwezi[17] kandi leta y’u Rwanda uko bigaragara nta bushobozi yabona bwo kwishyura ibyo byose mu gihe kirekire.
Mu by’ukuri, n’ubwo ibinyamakuru byamamaza isura nziza y’u Rwanda,ruracyari igihugu gikennye ndetse u Rwanda ruri mu bihugu 25 ku isi bikennye kurusha ibindi byose, aho rubarirwa mu bipimo bya PIB ku mwanya wa 149 ku rutonde rw’ibihugu bikennye ku isi [18], rukaba rukennye ndetse ruri inyuma y’ibihugu ka Sudani y’Epfo na Hayiti.
Paris rero ubu irakora uko ishoboye kose ngo ishakire inkunga zo kugoboka igihugu gishya yaronse izajya ikoresha,akaba ari muri urwo rwego Bwana Emmanuel Macron ahanze amaso ibihugu by’i Burayi yasabiyemo u Rwanda inkunga. Ikinyamakuru African Intelligence[19] cyahishuye ko Paris yaba yarasabiye u Rwanda inkunga ibihugu byinshi byo mu Burayi inkunga izakoreshwa n’u Rwanda muri Mozambike zikazanyuzwa mu cyiswe urwego rwo gufasha ibikorwa by’Uburayi bishinzwe amahoro.Ni ikigega kirimo agatubutse kuko kirimo miliyari 5 z’amayero agomba gukoreshwa mu myaka 7 agakoreshywa mu bikorwa byo kugarura amahoro no gushyigikira ingabo zikoreshwa n’abanyaburayi. Ubu,umuryango w’ibihugu by’Uburayi bwunze ubumwe watangiye kwiga kuva mu kwezi kwa (9) nzeri 2021 ukuntu aya mafaranga azagezwa mu buryo butaziguye ku ngabo z’u Rwanda.
Amagambo aherutse kuvugwa n’umugaba mukuru w’ingabo z’Ubufaransa zirwanira mu mazi bwana Hervé Bléjean, igihe yatangizaga ku mugaragaro uwo mushinga wo gutera inkunga, yashimiye igihugu cye akazi katoroshye cyakoze muri dipolomasi ko kwemeza ibihugu bisangiye uyu muryango w’ibihugu by’i Burayi kuzemera gusohora ayo mafaranga agahabwa u Rwanda,igihugu cy’incuti.N’ubwo ari uko bimeze ariko,nyuma y’amezi hafi 6 y’ibiganiro mpaka hagati mu bihugu byo ku mugabane w’i Burayi bihuriye mu Muryango wa Union Européenne,ibihugu byose ntibiremeranya kuri iyo dosiye. Ibihugu bimwe biracyashidikanya urwego bizatangamo ayo mafaranga,byo bibona ko ari menshi cyane,ibindi bikaba bibona bidakwiye.
Ya sosiyete ikomeye cyane y’abafaransa, TotalEnergies yo yamaze kwikora ku mufuka. Patrick Pouyané,umuyobozi mukuru (PDG) wa « supermajor »y’abafaransa yanyuze i Kigali tariki 30 z’ukwezi kwa (1) mutarama 2022, mbere yo kujya muri Mozambike. Nanone ikinyamakuru African Intelligence[20],cyavuze ko uwo muyobozi ukomeye w’iyo sosiyeti yifuzaga kubanza kumenya niba u Rwanda rwariyemeje koko kuzaguma muri Mozambike igihe kinini gishoboka cyose. Iyo kampuni yifuza kongera gusubukura imirimo yayo yo gucukura gaz mu birombe bya Cabo Delgado muri uyu mwaka wa 2022. Mu rwego rwo gushimira perezida Kagame bwana Patrick Pouyané yasinyanye amasezerano y’imikoranire na leta y’u Rwanda ku bucuruzi bw’ingufu no kugemura ingufu za gaz mu Rwanda, kandi atangaza ko azafungura ishami rya sosiyete ye rikazagira ibiro bihoraho i Kigali.
KUGIRA KAGAME INCUTI KWA MACRON, NI UGUSUZUGUZA CYANE UBUFARANSA
Ikosa rikomeye cyane uyu Emmanuel Macron ari gukora agirana ubufatanye na Paul Kagame ni iryo kwibeshya ko gukorana nawe bizamufasha kongera kugira ijambo muri Afurika igenda icika buhoro buhoro ku Bufaransa. Nibyo,wenda koko gukoresha Kagame nk’igikoresho cyo kukurindira imari n’ubucuruzi bishobora kugira icyo bigeraho mu gihe gito,ariko ntibizaramba,kuko gufatanya na we bizangiza burundu isura y’Ubufaransa kandi bizahishura amaherezo imigambi mibisha y’aba bombi.Perezida Macron ashobora we ubwe ku giti cye kuhungukira akayabo,ariko ari guta Ubufaransa bw’ejo hazaza mu rwabayanga.
Ubufaransa buba bwibeshya iyo butekereza ko guhanganira muri Afurika n’Ubushinwa,Turukiya cyangwa n’Uburusiya,bugomba gukoresha intwaro nk’iyo ibyo bihugu bahanganye na byo bikoresha. Itandukaniro ni uko abaturage basanzwe bo muri Afurika bo bifuza kugira « ibihugu bigendera ku kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu »,ibyo abo bandi badakozwa. Ubufaransa bwigeze kuryoha muri Afurika kandi burakundwa karahava igihe bwashyiraga imbere inyungu z’abaturage bo muri Afurika, ku buryo kubana nabo byari bya bindi by’ “umubano wa mpa-nguhe” aho abaturage babyungukiragamo n’Ubufaransa bukahungukira.
Muri iki gihe, ubutegetsi bwa bwana Macron bwashwanyaguje ubucuti bwahoze bufitanye n’ibihugu byari incuti z’akadasohoka z’Ubufaransa kuva mu mateka ya kera kugeza vuba aha,twavuga nka Alijeriya,Mali, Guineya, Burkina Faso, n’ibindi…. Abanyapolitike n’abanyamakuru b’ubu bo mu Bufaransa bari kugwa mu kantu kandi bagatungurwa no kubona ukuntu ibyo bihugu birambiwe kubana na Paris.
Nyamara ariko, ntibyagombye kubatangaza,uti kuki? None se ni ubuhe butumwa perezida Macron aba ahaye abanyagitugu bandi bo muri Afurika iyo aramburiye tapi itukura(tapis rouge) akakira mu byubahiro umunyagitugu wundi umaze imyaka isaga 20 ku butegetsi akaba ayimaze yose atuka, yandagaza Ubufaransa,abushinja kuba intandaro y’ibibazo byose,kandi asuzugura bikabije abaperezida bose b’Ubufaransa uko bagiye bakurikirana ?
Urebye politike mpuzamahanga kuri Afurika uyu Macron yakoze, ushobora kuvuga nta kwibeshya ko hari ubushake bwinshi yagaragaje,ariko buvanzemo ugufunga umutwe gukabije,ubwirasi,akajagari no kwiheba byateye ibibazo bitagira ingano. Macron yashatse kwerekana ko ashaka kuvugurura imikorere ariko Afurika yo yatahuyemo uburyo ashaka bwo kuyigarurira bundi bushya kugira ngo agere ku nyungu ze bwite.
Igitangaza Emmanuel Macron uzwiho politike yo « kugerageza ibintu byose icyarimwe » ari kubigerageza koko no muri Afurika.Perezida w’Ubufaransa azwiho kutagira ibitekerezo bihamye hamwe (mu mvugo y’ikigereranyo twavuga ko nta ruti rw’umugongo agira),no kugira akajagari muri dipolomasi. Nawe se,ku ruhande rumwe yamagana igihugu cya Kameruni kuba ngo « kitubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu mu buryo butakwihanganirwa », agashyiraho ikigega giteza imbere imiyoborere myiza igendera kuri demukarasi muri Afurika kandi akamagana uguhirika ubutegetsi «coup d’état » byakozwe n’abo yita agatsiko k’abasirikare kishyize ku butegetsi muri Mali. Ariko kandi, ku rundi ruhande, akajya mu gihugu cya Tchad guha umugisha ubutegetsi bushingiye ku cyenewabo,ku muryango umwe, akongera akagurisha intwaro ubutegetsi bwo mu Misiri(Egypte) bwica kandi bukabuza amahwemo abaturage babwo, bigahumira ku mirari burundu agirana ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare na perezida Kagame ushinjwa ibyaha by’agahomamunwa ingabo ze zakoreye muri Repubulika iharanira demukarasi ya Congo mu gihe cy’imyaka 25 ishize.
Emmanuel Macron yashatse gukinira politike abahanga bita realpolitik (kumvikana na buri wese uko ari mu rwego rw’ububanyi n’amahanga) ariko iyi politike yo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu bubanyi n’amahanga ubusanzwe ni umukino wo gushyira mu gaciro,ntugomba gukinwa ahantu hose,igihe cyose, cyangwa ngo uyihatirize aho bidakunda,kuko iyo ikinwe nabi ibyo wari witeze biba ibindi bindi, ukisanga n’ubundi uho watangiriye ukumirwa.Perezida Macron ashaka kwerekana ko agenda atsinda igitego kimwe kimwe, akabona kujya ku kindi, ariko ntareba kure, ntafata ibintu biba mu rwego rw’isi yose ngo abihuze neza n’ibyo igihugu cye gikeneye mu myaka myinshi iri imbere.
UKWIVUGURUZA GUTANGAJE K’UMURYANGO W’IBIHUGU BY’UBURAYI KU KIBAZO CY’IYUBAHIRIZWA RY’UBURENGANZIRA BW’IKIREMWAMUNTU
Kubera Ubufaransa hamwe n’undi mugabo umaze imyaka myinshi ashyigikira Kagame, Charles Michel perezida w’inama nkuru iyobora Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Uburayi,Uburayi nabwo bushobora kugwa mu mutego w’Ubufaransa nuramuka uhisemo gutera inkunga y’amafaranga n’iya dipolomasi igisirikare gikora bucancuro cy’u Rwanda. Ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa Paul Kagame bugibwaho impaka cyane. Hari bamwe babusingiza bavuga ko ngo bwatumbagije cyane ubukungu bw’igihugu,ariko abandi benshi bakabwamaganira kure babuziza ukuntu bwica bikabije iyubahirizwa ry’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu.Kuri iki kibazo rero cyo gusohora amafaranga kw’abanyaburayi yo gushyigikira ibikorwa by’igisirikare cy’u Rwanda, amajwi menshi ni ayamagana uku kwivuguruza gukomeye kw’inzego nkuru z’uburayi hamwe no kwinyuraguramo mu magambo y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’uburayi ku kibazo cy’u Rwanda.
Muribuka ko,ku ruhande rumwe inteko ishinga amategeko y’uburayi yasabye komisiyo yayo, mu mwanzuro wo mu kwakira 2021 ku kibazo cya Paul Rusesabagina, ko «yakongera gusuzumana ubwitonzi ibyo guha inkunga y’amafaranga y’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Uburayi guverinoma y’u Rwanda hamwe n’inzego zindi za Leta y’u Rwanda kugira ngo bizere neza ko uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu bwubahirizwa mu buryo bwuzuye ».
Ku rundi ruhande ariko, iyo Komisiyo iri gusuzugura iyo myanzuro kuko iteganya guha inkunga y’akayabo k’amafaranga ingabo z’u Rwanda zikora bucancuro ibinyujije muri rwa rwego rw’uburayi rushinzwe amahoro,ruyoborwa na Komisiyo. Ubu tuvugana, Paul Rusesabagina,intwari izwi muri film Hôtel Rwanda, aracyari kubabarizwa muri gereza mbi cyane yo mu Rwanda, umuryango we ukaba ugitegereje ko abayobozi b’Uburayi bagira ibikorwa bifatika babikoraho. Uko biri kose,hari ukuvuguruzanya gukabije hagati y’imyanzuro y’inteko ishinga amategeko n’ibyo Komisiyo ishaka gukora.
U Rwanda rwashyize umukono ku masezerano y’i Cotonou, avuga yeruye ko ukubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu ari ikintu cya mbere gishingirwaho mu mubano w’ibihugu bya Afurika n’Umuryango w’Uburayi bwunze ubumwe.Ayo masezerano avuga ko iyubahirizwa ry’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu no gushyiraho Leta zigendera ku mategeko ari byo bya mbere bishingirwaho muri gahunda zose zihuza Umuryango w’ibihugu by’i Burayi n’ibihugu byasinye ayo masezerano,birimo n’u Rwanda.Nyamara, urebye imyanzuro[21] y’imiryango yose ibihugu bihuriyeho ndetse n’imiryango itegamiye kuri za leta yasuzumye ukuntu u Rwanda ruhonyora uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, birigaragaza ko mu Rwanda ukwica uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu bikabije cyane,ndetse ari ibyo kwamaganwa.Hari ukudahuza rwose hagati y’ibyashyizweho imikono bigena uko imikoranire hagati y’inzego ziyobora Uburayi n’ibihugu bya Afurika igomba gukorwa.
Hanyuma, muri raporo iheruka y’Urwego rw’Uburayi rushinzwe ibikorwa byo hanze y’umugabane (EEAS) yakoze ku Rwanda mu kwezi kwa (6) Kamena 2021, urwego rw’Uburayi rugaragaza ko rwemera ko guverinoma y’u Rwanda « ikomeje gushinjwa ibikorwa bikomeye cyane byica uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu – nko gukoresha buri gihe ingufu z’umurengera ku baturage babo, kwicira abantu muri za gereza,kwica abantu benshi batagejejwe imbere y’ubutabera no gushimuta abantu bakaburirwa irengero. » Ibyo bikorwa byose by’agahomamunwa byakozwe n’inzego zitwa ko zishinjwe umutekano, nka polisi n’abasirikare, za nzego iyo Komisiyo iyobora Uburayi ishaka guha inkunga y’akayabo k’amafaranga. Murabona nanone ko hari ukwivuguruza gutangaje hagati y’ibyo iyo Komisiyo ubwayo ishaka gukora n’ibyo yo ubwayo itangaza yamagana u Rwanda.
Uko kwinyuraguramo muri rusange kwerekana ko bagira indimi ebyiri,kandi ibyo bihora byamaganirwa i Buruseli. Ikindi kandi,amajwi akomeje kuzamuka yamagana iyi politike y’abanyaburayi isigaye igendera gusa ku nyungu ititaye ku kababaro k’abaturage,yewe ndetse ntibanite ku ndangagaciro Uburayi buhora bugenderaho kandi bukomeyeho cyane.
UBURAYI BUKWIRIYE KUVANA AMASOMO MU GIHE GISHIZE BUKIRINDA AMAKOSA AKOMEYE UBUFARANSA BWAKOZE MURI AFURIKA
Uburayi bushobora kuzamaganwa kubera gushaka gushyigikira politike za Macron zo gukorana ubucancuro na Kagame muri Afurika.Niba koko guhashya iterabwoba n’ibitero by’ibyihebe bigendera ku matwara akaze ya kiyisilamu ari ngombwa,uburyo bwo kubikoramo ni ubwo kwitondera. Gukoresha bucancuro ikindi gihugu nk’u Rwanda ntibizacyemura ikibazo.Ubu nta wuyobewe ko abacancuro bo mu mutwe wa Wagner bakorera Kremlin(Uburusiya) muri Afurika.Ni kimwe nuko nta n’umwe uyobewe ko abasirikare b’u Rwanda ahanini bakorera ubucancuro Elysée(Ubufaransa)muri Afurika.
Ni ngombwa ko uburayi bukura amasomo ku bintu byabaye muri iyi myaka ya vuba aha muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba byo gutembagaza ubutegetsi kw’abasirikare(coup d‘Etat). Ibintu bibiri birakomeye cyane cyane iyo ubihuje n’u Rwanda: icya mbere,bihishura umwuka ukomeye wateye mu baturage no mu rubyiruko rw’abanyafurika wo gukanguka bakaba bageze igihe cyo kwifuza Leta zubahiriza amategeko,demukarasi n’ukwishyira ukizana.Icya kabiri,bigaragaza ukuntu Ubufaransa bwatengushye abanyafurika bukaba busigaye bugira indimi ebyiri kandi bwishakira gusa inyungu zabwo butitaye ku neza n’inyungu z’abaturage basanzwe bo muri Afurika.
N’ubwo ubutegetsi bwo mu Rwanda bufite itandukaniro mu mikorere ugereranyije n’ibihugu byo mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika ,ariko ibyifuzo n’ibyiyumvo by’abaturage birasa.Gutera inkunga ubutegetsi bwo mu Rwanda ntacyo witayeho nta kindi bizatanga uretse gusa guhamya ko politike zidafashije z’abanyaburayi no gusuzugura ibyifuzo by’abaturage bo muri Afurika zigamije gusa gukomeza ubukoloni bushya ku mugabane.
Niba umuryango wunze ubumwe w’i Burayi udahinduye ibi byo gukorana n’ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda mu bucancuro bushya bwa gisirikare, umenye ko noneho ubutaha atari amabendera y’Ubufaransa gusa azaba ari kugurumana nk’uko bimeze ubu muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba,ahubwo noneho azaba ari amabendera y’ibihugu by’i Burayi.
[1] https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/webstreaming/subcommittee-on-security-and-defence_20220126-1345-COMMITTEE-SEDE
[2] https://www.france24.com/fr/%C3%A9co-tech/20210426-mozambique-total-suspend-son-projet-gazier-pour-cause-de-force-majeure
[3] https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors
[4] https://cddmoz.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Is-France-using-development-aid-to-finance-the-intervention-of-Rwandan-troops-in-Mozambique.pdf
[5] https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/centrafrique-le-gouvernement-annonce-que-le-rwanda-et-la-russie-ont-envoye-des-soldats
[6] https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-ouest-et-centrale_diplomatie/2021/04/07/paul-kagame-business-angel-de-touadera,109655531-eve
[7] https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-ouest-et-centrale_diplomatie/2021/04/07/paul-kagame-business-angel-de-Touadéra,109655531-eve
[8] https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/14/exactions-et-predations-la-methode-de-la-milice-wagner-en-afrique_6105992_3212.html
[9] https://peacekeeping.un.org/fr/mission/minusca
[10] https://nemrod-ecds.com/?p=2948
[11] https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-ouest-et-centrale_diplomatie/2022/01/03/les-soldats-rwandais-vont-ils-encadrer-les-contingents-formes-par-la-mission-militaire-de-l-ue,109713690-art
[12] http://www.echosdafrique.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Rapport-Duclert-_-Une-analyse-et-des-conclusions-discutables.pdf
[13] https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1160161/politique/analyse-role-de-la-france-au-rwanda-la-realpolitik-au-detriment-de-lhistoire/
[14] https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1179992/economie/macron-au-rwanda-la-france-va-debloquer-plus-de-350-millions-deuros/
[15] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXX6B_4uffc
[16] https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-est-et-australe_diplomatie/2021/12/10/comment-kigali-exporte-son-savoir-faire-militaire-sur-le-continent,109709922-ar2
[17] https://www.africaintelligence.fr/petrole-et-gaz_exploration-production/2022/01/24/cabo-delgado–le-yalta-diplomatico-petrolier-de-patrick-pouyanne-et-paul-kagame,109718057-art
[18] https://tinyurl.com/49cmr9me
[19] https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-est-et-australe_diplomatie/2021/11/08/l-union-europeenne-va-t-elle-financer-le-deploiement-des-soldats-rwandais,109702788-art
[20] https://www.africaintelligence.com/oil–gas_exploration-production/2022/01/24/pouyanne-and-kagame-s-diplomatic-dance-to-restart-cabo-delgado-lng,109718558-eve
[21] UPR Review 2021, HRW report 2022, Freedom House report 2021, RSF report 2021, US state dept. Human Rights report 2021, American Bar Association – Center of Human rights report 2021…
source: inkuru ya www.jambonews.net mu gifaransa yashyizwe mu kinyarwanda na Afriquela1ère.com/rw
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