Variole du singe : l’OMS déclenche son plus haut niveau d’alerte

Noblesse Dusabe

L’épidémie actuelle de variole du singe constitue une urgence sanitaire mondiale, a déclaré samedi le directeur général de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. Cette qualification vise à faciliter une réaction internationale coordonnée, son financement et une collaboration internationale sur le partage des vaccins et des traitements. 

L’Organisation mondiale de la santé a déclenché, samedi 22 juillet, son plus haut niveau d’alerte pour tenter de juguler la flambée de variole du singe, qui a frappé près de 17 000 personnes dans 74 pays, a annoncé son directeur général.

“J’ai décidé de déclarer une urgence de santé publique de portée internationale”, a déclaré Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus lors d’un point de presse, précisant que le risque dans le monde était relativement modéré, à part l’Europe où il est élevé.

Le Dr Tedros a expliqué que le comité d’experts n’avait pas réussi à atteindre un consensus, restant divisé sur la nécessité de déclencher le plus haut niveau d’alerte. In fine, c’est au directeur général de trancher.

C’est un appel à l’action, mais ce n’est pas le premier“, a souligné Mike Ryan, le responsable des situations d’urgence de l’OMS, qui dit espérer que cela va mener à une action collective contre la maladie.

Depuis début mai, quand elle a été détectée en dehors des pays africains où elle est endémique, la maladie a frappé plus de 16 836 personnes dans 74 pays, selon le tableau de bord du Centre américain pour le contrôle et la prévention des maladies (CDC) à la date du 22 juillet. La variole du singe n’est pas une maladie sexuellement transmissible mais, en dehors des zones endémiques, elle touche des hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec des hommes à de rares exceptions près. 

Si les autorités sanitaires ont fait état d’une baisse du rythme de contagion, le nombre de cas augmente rapidement.

La qualification “d’urgence de santé publique de portée internationale (USPPI)” est utilisée dans des situations “graves, soudaines, inhabituelles ou inattendues”. Elle est définie par l’OMS comme un “évènement extraordinaire” dont la propagation constitue un “risque pour la santé publique dans d’autres Etats” et pouvant nécessiter “une action internationale coordonnée”.

Décelée pour la première fois chez l’homme en 1970

C’est seulement la 7e fois que l’OMS a recours à ce niveau d’alerte. Lors d’une première réunion le 23 juin, la majorité des experts du Comité d’urgence avaient recommandé au Dr Tedros de ne pas prononcer l’urgence d’USPPI.

Détectée début mai, la recrudescence inhabituelle de cas de variole du singe, en dehors des pays d’Afrique centrale et de l’Ouest où le virus est endémique, s’est depuis étendue dans le monde entier, avec comme épicentre l’Europe.

Décelée pour la première fois chez l’humain en 1970, la variole du singe est moins dangereuse et contagieuse que sa cousine la variole humaine, éradiquée en 1980.

Dans la plupart des cas, les malades sont des hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec des hommes, relativement jeunes, et vivant essentiellement en ville, selon l’OMS.

Une étude publiée jeudi dans la revue scientifique New England Journal of Medicine, la plus large réalisée sur le sujet et basée sur des données de 16 pays différents, confirme que dans la vaste majorité – 95 % – des cas récents, la maladie a été transmise lors d’un contact sexuel et 98 % des personnes touchées étaient des hommes gays ou bisexuels.

“Ce mode de transmission représente à la fois une opportunité pour mettre en place des interventions de santé publique ciblées, et un défi, car dans certains pays, les communautés affectées sont face à des discriminations qui menacent leur vie”, avait relevé jeudi le Dr Tedros devant le comité d’experts.

“Il y a une réelle inquiétude que les hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec des hommes puissent être stigmatisés ou blâmés pour la flambée de cas, la rendant beaucoup plus difficile à tracer et à stopper”, avait-il averti.

Un vaccin approuvé en Europe

Vendredi, l’Agence européenne des médicaments (EMA) a déclaré avoir approuvé l’utilisation d’un vaccin contre la variole humaine pour étendre son utilisation contre la propagation de la variole du singe. Ce vaccin est de fait déjà utilisé à cette fin dans plusieurs pays, dont la France.

Le vaccin Imvanex, de la société danoise Bavarian Nordic, est approuvé dans l’UE depuis 2013 pour la prévention de la variole. 

L’OMS recommande de vacciner les personnes les plus à risque, ainsi que les personnels de santé susceptibles d’être confrontés à la maladie.

À New York, ce sont des milliers de personnes qui ont déjà été vaccinées avec le vaccin Jynneos.

Avec Reuters et AFP

133 thoughts on “Variole du singe : l’OMS déclenche son plus haut niveau d’alerte

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